Cryptography

Fundamentals

Symmetric cryptography

Affine cipher

RC2

Asymmetric cryptography

Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)

Asymmetric encryption scheme based on euler's theorem and the computational complexity of prime factorisation

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Hashing

Secure Hashing Algorithms (SHA)

Cryptananalysis

IV

Initialisation vector

Nonce

Random value only used once

Salt

Random value used as padding for a password so that when the password is hashed, if the password is used by two different users then an attacker cannot know if both accounts have the same password

Padding

Extra data concatenated onto a string

Encryption

Act of encoding data in a form that can be decoded by the intended recipient

Symmetric; Same key used to encrypt and decrypt
Assymetric; public key for encrypting and private key for decrypting

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