Linux


File system

/

Root

/home

Home; home directories for each user (which include files such as Desktop, Documents, Downloads etc.)

/root

Root's home directory

/usr

User; self-compiled shared files and binary files

/dev

Devices; devices listed as files

/bin

Binary; binary files for terminal applications

/proc

Processes; processes listed as files

/lib

Library; shared files for kernel and applications

/etc

Et cetera; configuration files

/mnt

Mount; mounts temporary drives

/srv

Server; server files

/opt

Optional; optional files

Configuration

/etc/fstab

Device list

/etc/hosts

Resolves hostnames

/etc/hostname

Name of device

/etc/passwd

User list

/etc/shadow

User password hashes

Permissions

Permissions

Entities

Shell prompt

Prompt

Arch

[user@zaco ~]$

Ubuntu

user@zaco:~$

NetWork Access Control (NAC)

Security permission systems used to control who can access certain files

MAC

Assigning a security label to each resource and user so that users can only access resources that have an equal or greater security level

DAC

RBAC

Package manager

Default package that allows the installation and removal of packages while maintaining dependencies as well as system upgrades

Official repository

Database of essential and popular software that is accessible by the default package manager of the OS

Software release

Note that with continuous releases, it is best to update the entire system while installing a new package otherwise dependency issues may arise.

Arch User Repository (AUR)

Arch community repository of user produced packages

Systemd

Default package that allows kernel-level control over processes

Pacman

Package manager for Arch, it supports the following main actions:

Full upgrade

As opposed to a patial upgrade, refers to upgrading all packages rather than upgrading packages individually. Pacman only supports full upgrades

OpenPGP

Encryption key system used to authentificate the author of packages. it is built of the GNU 'Web of Trust' concept.

Advanced Package Tool (APT)

Package manager for Debian