SOV constituent order
Word denoting an action being done
Word denoting some 'object', (person, place, or thing as a kindergarten teacher would say)
Word describing a noun ending with an い that can be inflected
Word describing a verb
Word that connects separate phrases
Word that indirectly links an object and verb
Word or expression that demonstrates a spontaneous interaction or feeling
Word linking grammatical feature to a word or phrase as a suffix
Vocabulary relating to honorifics
General speech used when speaking to soto.
Speech used to exhault listener
Speech used to humble speaker
Japanese conjugates verbs based on
Verbs that have their own unique conjugation method, there are only 2 verbs of this class
Japanese does not conjugate strictly according to mood, however moods are still somewhat related to conjugation (hence the imperative and conjunction bases). So instead of saying that Japanese conjugates on moods, we say Japanese conjugates using bases, a vague abstraction of mood, cases and all other factors Japanese considers when conjugating
Verb base for inflections generally occuring at the end of a phrase.
Verb base reserved for the imperfective form.
Verb base for inflections relating to hypothetical events.
Verb base reserved for the potential form.
Verb base reserved for the imperative form.
Verb base
Verb base reserved for volitional form.
Verb base reserved for conjunctive form.
Verb base for miscellaneous inflections
Indirect object is marked by に or when the context is ablative, から.
が marks the subject of the passive verb, or when phrase's topic/subject is already defined, use を
I-adjectives are inflected based on
I-adjectives directly preceeds its modifying noun
I-adjectives may terminate a phrase
I-adjectives may be followed by です to terminate a sentence
Let \(a\) be an adverbial noun
\( a \oplus 「な」\) directly preceeds its modifying noun
Adverbial nouns require the copula directly proceeding it to terminate a sentence
Let \( i = m \oplus 「い」\) be an I-adjective
\( \text{fukushi}(i) = m \oplus 「く」\)
Let \(a\) be an adverbial noun
\( \text{fukushi}(a) = a \oplus 「に」\)
Noun refering indirectly to a noun in context of the phrase. Japanese pronouns are considered nouns, however other languages such as English and Italian distinguish pronouns and nouns.
| Pronoun | Meaning |
| これ ここ こちら こいつ この こう こんな |
This Here This direction This person This [prenominal] This way [adverb] This type |
| それ そこ そちら そいつ その そう そんな |
That There That direction That person That [prenominal] That way [adverb] That type |
| あれ あそこ あちら あいつ あの ああ あんな |
That There That direction That person That [prenominal] That way [adverb] That type |
| どれ どこ どちら どいつ どの どう どんな |
Which Where Which direction Who Which [prenominal] How Which type |
| Pronoun | Meaning |
| 私,僕,俺,我 | I |
| あなた,君,お前,手前 | You |
| 彼 | He |
| 彼女 | Her |
自分 is used to denote a reflexive object, regardless of person.
Particles relating a noun or phrase with a certain case for a verb