\part{Doushi, and daimeishi} \chapter{Pronouns} Pronouns in japanese are highly affected by honorifics 私、あたし、僕、俺、俺様 あなた、君、お前、手前 彼、彼女 私たち 僕達、僕ら、我々 彼ら、彼女ら 自分 is the 'reflexive' pronoun, representing the current topic marked by the は particle (it can represent subjects marked with が too, with possibility for ambiguity). it can only be used to reference animate objects (animals, people etc.) これ、それ、あれ、どれ this,that,which この、その、あの、どの this,that,which(rentaishi; directly modifies noun) ここ、そこ、あそこ、どこ this,that,which place/extent (here,there,where) こいつ、そいつ、あいつ、誰 this,that,which guy こう、そう、ああ、どう this,that,which way こちら、そちら、あちら、どちら this,that,which direction こっち、そっち、あっち、どっち this,that,which direction \chapter{Pronouns and related} Some pronoun constructs technically extend to other parts of speech, even if they are doing a similar thing. \section{Personal pronouns} Pronouns in japanese are highly affected by honorifics 私、あたし、僕、俺、俺様 あなた、君、お前、手前 彼、彼女 私たち 僕達、僕ら、我々 彼ら、彼女ら \subsection{Reflexive pronoun} 自分 is the reflexive pronoun, representing the current topic marked by the は particle (it can represent subjects marked with が too, with possibility for ambiguity). it can only be used to reference animate objects (animals, people etc.) ### proximal, medial and distal demonstrative pronouns \section{Demonstrative pronouns} これ (proximal) それ (medial) あれ (distal) これ、それ、あれ、どれ この、その、あの、どの ここ、そこ、あそこ、どこ こいつ、そいつ、あいつ、誰 こう、そう、ああ、どう こちら、そちら、あちら、どちら こっち、そっち、あっち、どっち ### Interrogative pronouns どれ どの どこ X どう どちら どうして　なんで いつ 何 誰 いかが \chapter{Verbs} In Japanese verbs inflect for the following grammatical categories. \begin{itemize} \item Verb class \item Form \item Negation \item Mood \item Voice \item Honorifics \item Polarity \end{itemize} In japanese, one inflects the verb into some form, tenses, negation, moods etc. are all handled by special verb suffixes \section{Japanese verb classes} Japanese verbs fall into one of three possible groups of verbs called \emph{verb classes}. Each verb class has slightly different rules for conjugation. The verb classes of Japanese are the following. 五段動詞 (Pentagrade verb) くぐすつぬぶむるう 死ぬ is the only ぬ verb 一段動詞 (Monograde verb) る 不規則動詞 (Irregular verb) する、来る \section{Verb bases} Verbs are inflected into a specific 'bases' (similar to moods, but with strong syntactical correlation), which are then used with suffixes to make concrete 'forms' (conjugations) of the verb. verb base 終止形 (Terminal form) 連体形 (Attributive form) 仮定形 (Hypothetical form) 命令形 (Imperative form) 未然形 (Irrealis base) 意志形 (Volitional base) 可能動詞 (Potential base) 連用形 (Connective base) 音便形 (Euphonic base) \section{Terminal and attributive forms} \section{Hypothetical forms} \subsection{Provisional form} \section{Imperative forms} \subsection{Imperative form} \section{Irrealis forms} \subsection{Negative form} \subsection{Indirect passive form} \subsection{Adversarial passive form} Conjugated the same, however particle use changes to demonstrate this 'adversarial' mood. を \section{Volitional form} Only one form \section{Potential form} Only one form Becomes a new ichidan verb \section{Connective forms} \subsection{Polite forms} polite form polite negative form polite volitional form polite perfective form polite perfective negative form \subsection{Desiderative form} Becomes a new keiyoushi \section{Euphonic forms} \subsection{Gerund form (te form)} \subsection{Perfective form (ta form)} \subsection{Conditional form (tara form)} Now that these verb forms are known, we can use suffixes to make all sorts of verb constructions. \section{Transitivity} Direct object is an object directly affected by a verb's action Indirect object is an object indirectly related to a verb's action, perhaps causing the action, A transitive verb is one that can take a direct object. が Marks subject を Marks direct object に Marks indirect object As we will see in 'Patterns', Passive form of transitive verbs changes its direct object into the subject (patient) and subject into the indirect object (agent). Either may be omitted, however the use of this form implies the existence of an agent, whether mentioned or not. 俺が蚊に刺された。 蚊が俺を刺した。 ザックがジェイソンに殺された。 ジェイソンがザックを殺した。 Japanese has a range of verbs with intransitive counterparts that (unlike the passive) do not imply the existence of an agent Since monograde verbs have their potential and passive as the same conjugation, many transitive ichidan verbs have similar but distinct intransitive versions made to offer more context. 入る＞入れる 壊れる＞壊す 増える＞増やす 冷える＞冷やす 開く＞開ける 集まる＞集める 止まる＞止める 外れる＞外す 減る＞減らす passive; forming a verb so that the verb acts on the subject, rather than the verb being enacted by the subject. "to X -> To be Xen " が is neutral subject marker を is subject marker to imply effect (usually negative) on the implicit subject (usually speaker) な と 前に かはやいか ともなく べき はず なら つもり みたい らしい まい ない ぬ ん ず れる られる せる させる せられる 〜させられる 〜ている 〜てる 〜てある 〜ていく 〜ておく 〜とく 〜てしまう 〜てよかった 〜てはいけない 〜てもいい 〜てあげる 〜てくれる 〜てもらう 〜て欲しい 〜てみる 〜てください 〜て 〜た 〜ていく 〜た 〜たから 〜たり 〜たほうがいい 〜たばかり 〜たことがある 〜うとする 〜うか 〜ます 〜ません 〜ました 〜ませんでした 〜ましょう 〜ましょうか 〜なさい 〜たい 〜そう 〜がち 〜ながら 〜つつ 〜やすい 〜にくい 〜づらい 〜やがる Comparison between 〜と 〜ば　〜なら　〜たら ~ 〜たとたんに